คำสันธาน

คำสันธาน (Conjunction) คือ คำที่ใช้เชื่อมคำ หรือประโยคเข้าด้วยกัน แบ่งได้เป็น 4 กลุ่ม ดังนี้

1. Coordinating Conjunctions คือ คำที่ใช้เชื่อมคำ หรือประโยคเข้าด้วยกัน โดยคำที่นำมาเชื่อมกันจะมีน้ำหนัก หรือความสำคัญเท่ากัน ตัวอย่างคำสันธาน เช่น and, or, but, for, so, yet

for        สำหรับ  He is overweight, for he eats too many cakes and biscuits.

and       และ      Most children like cookies and milk.

nor       ไม่        He doesn’t eat cake, nor does he eat biscuits.

but        แต่        I like coffee, but I don't like tea.

or         หรือ      The  gold is hidden at the beach or by the lakeside.

yet        ยัง         Sombat plays soccor well, yet his favorite sport is tennis.

so         ดังนั้น   Sombat was late for work, so he received a cut in pay.

2. Correlative Conjunctions คือ คำสันธานที่ต้องใช้คู่กัน และมีหน้าที่คล้าย Coordinating Conjunction ที่เชื่อมคำที่น้ำหนักเท่ากัน ตัวอย่างคำสันธาน เช่น not only .. but also, either .. or, as .. as, both .. and

both  . .  and         ทั้งสองอย่าง    

   -The game is suitable both for children and for adults.

either  . . or        ไม่อย่างใดก็อย่างหนึ่ง    

   -You can either stay here or come with us.

just as . . so too  เช่นเดียวกับ ดังนั้นด้วย  

   -Just as you sow, so too shall you reap.

neither  . .  nor   ไม่ทั้งสองอย่าง

   -Neither Sombat nor Somchai was to blame for the mistake.

not . . but           ไม่ แต่

   -Burin grilled meat for not only Kounchanok but also Chaochao, her dog.

not only . .  but also  ไม่เฉพาะ

แต่ด้วย The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.

whether . . or     ว่า หรือ

   -Whether to stay or to go is a decision only you can make.

3. Conjunctive Adverbs คือ คำสันธานที่เป็นกริยาวิเศษที่ใช้เชื่อมคำ ข้อความ หรือประโยคเข้าด้วยกัน อาจเชื่อมได้ทั้งคำที่ขัดแย้ง หรือสอดคล้องกัน ตัวอย่างคำสันธาน เช่น after all, also, as a result, besides, in fact, instead

after all (หลังจากนั้น)                 

After all we had done, he was still ungrateful.

also (ด้วย)                      

I bought a new shirt; also I bought some new shoes.

as a matter of fact (ในความเป็นจริง)

She does not look well; as a matter of fact, she has been ill for weeks.

as a result (เป็นผลของ)    

It rained very hard; as a result, the game was canceled.

Besides (นอกเหนือจาก)

This is good cheese; besides it's made locally.

Consequently (ดังนั้น)                  

The thunder and lightning were intense; consequently, the crowd dispersed.

Finally (ในที่สุด)           

I took a course on grammar; finally, I know how to use a semicolon.

for example (ตัวอย่างเช่น)          

Sombat loves himself very much; for example, he should do exercise everyday.

Furthermore (นอกจากนี้)

The gods thundered in the heavens; furthermore, the mortals below cowered in fear.

Hence (ด้วยเหตุนี้)         

I took a course on grammar; hence, I am qualified to become an editor.

However (อย่างไรก็ตาม) 

Sombat always sleeps on the subway; however, he has never been robbed.

in addition (นอกเหนือ)  

We really need to go to the mall; in addition, we should see a movie.

in fact (ในความเป็นจริง)

I know Tom can, in fact, sing very well.

in other words (กล่าวอีกนัยหนึ่ง) 

Money and I are strangers; in other words, I am poor.

Incidentally (โดยบังเอิญ)

Burin went to the mountains to go climbing; incidentally, the resort was celebrating its anniversary.

Indeed (จริง ๆ)  

He is nervous; indeed, he worries about problems a lot.

Instead (แทน)   

We went by train instead of by car.

likewise (ในทำนองเดียวกัน)       

They returned home. Likewise, I went home.

Meanwhile (ในขณะเดียวกัน)      

The tyranosaurs were migrating south; meanwhile, the apatosaurs breathed a sigh of relief.

Moreover (ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น)

You are a fool; moreover, you dress badly.

Nevertheless (ถึงกระนั้น อย่างไรก็ตาม)    

I took a course on grammar; nevertheless, I still make mistakes.

Next (ต่อไป)     

I wanted to go home; next, I did my homework.

Nonetheless (ถึงกระนั้น อย่างไรก็ตาม)     

It was pouring outside; nonetheless, he still went for his evening run.

on the contrary (ในทางตรงกันข้าม)         

He seems cheery but, on the contrary, he is sad.

on the other hand (ในทางกลับกัน)           

My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving such a nice vehicle.

Otherwise (มิฉะนั้น)      

Stop making that noise, otherwise I'll call the police.

Still (ยังคง)       

I study long and hard.  Still, I do not progress very much.

Then (แล้วก็)     

We ate our meal; then we had dessert.

Therefore (ดังนั้น)         

Sombat didn’t study; therefore, he failed the exam.

Thus (ดังนั้น)    

Sombat is a grammar tyrant; thus, he requires correct punctuation.

4. Subordinating Conjunctions คือ คำสันธานที่ใช้เชื่อมประโยคใจความรอง เข้ากับประโยคใจความหลัก ตัวอย่างคำสันธาน เช่น before, after, because, if, although, since, until, as soon as

after            หลังจาก       We will go for coffee after we have our meal.

although      แม้ว่า           Although I make mistakes now, I expect to be better later.

as               เช่น               As I am a dedicated teacher, I try to explain things as much as I can.

as far as      เท่าที่            We felt pretty safe as far as the fire was concerned.

as if           เหมือนกับ     The man stumbled, as if he were about to fall.

as soon as   เร็ว ๆ นี้        She will come as soon as the party begins.

as though    ราวกับว่า      It looks as though there will be a storm.

because       เพราะ          Because he studied at Oxford, I trust his grammar knowledge.

before        ก่อน             Before you make your payment, you should contact our finance office.

even if       ถึงแม้ว่า        Even if the sky is falling down, you’ll be my only.

even though ถึงแม้ว่า       Even though I’d heard the song before, I hadn’t known who sang it.

how           อย่างไร         You can live your life how you want.

if               ถ้า                 If you give me five dollars, I will give you a piece of pie.

in case (that)  ในกรณี (ที่)            Let me know in case you feel sick.

in order (that) เป็นระเบียบ I spoke very slowly in order that the students could understand what I said.

in that        ในการที่          The new system is better in that it provides faster access to the Internet.

inasmuch as    ตราบเท่าที่   I am extremely lucky inasmuch as I have a very strong and loving wife.

insofar as        ตราบเท่าที่   She cites other scholars’ work only insofar as it supports her own theories.

lest                 เพื่อว่า          I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.

no matter        ไม่ว่า          No matter who you are, I will love you.

now that         ในขณะนี้     Now that all the supervisors are here, the meeting can begin.

once                ครั้งหนึ่ง     Once you’ve learnt how to cycle, it’s very easy

provided (that)   ให้ไว้ (ที่)           I’ll lend you my car, providing you promise to be careful.

Since              ตั้งแต่          I’ve been very busy since I started my new job.

so that             ดังนั้น         I sent her to the grammar course so that she will improve her writing.

supposing (that) เผื่อว่า (ที่)          Supposing that you got the job, would you accept the position?

than                กว่า          We shouldn’t spend more than we earn.

that                 ที่              Hold it up so that everyone can see it.

though            แม้           I am sad to see him go, though I know he will be happy.

till                 จนถึง        I will wait until I hear from you.

unless             เว้นแต่       Unless you pay the tuition, you will not be registered.

until              จนกระทั่ง    She did not come until the party was half over.

when             เมื่อ            I will be an expert grammarian when I complete the course.

whenever      เมื่อไรก็ตาม Whenever I go, I try to see something I’ve never seen before.

where            ที่ไหน        Where I go, they always have sales.

wherever      ที่ไหนก็ตาม We will accompany you wherever you go.

whether         ว่า                 Whether or not you agree, I think it looks fine.

while            ในขณะที่    While we are studying in this course we must do our homework daily.

why              ทำไม         She’ll ask why you don’t have your homework.

 

คำสันธานมีทั้งที่เป็นคำเดี่ยวและเป็นกลุ่มคำ สามารถแยกออกได้เป็นกลุ่มใหญ่ ๆ ดังต่อไปนี้

1.คำที่แสดงความคล้อยตามกันหรือเพิ่มเติมข้อความ (Addition)

 

actually besides likewise as a matter of fact

again certainly similarly in addition (to)

and indeed on top of that not only…..but also

also moreover  above all both…..and

then furthermore in fact neither…..nor

He is not only tired but also hungry.

George neither admits nor deny the accusation.

 

2.คำที่แสดงทางเลือก (Alteration) เช่น

or   either…..or

alternatively  on the other hand

My daughter writes letters or sends e-mail to me every week.

That boy can either stay here or leave now.

 

3.คำที่แสดงเหตุและผล (Reason/Cause and Result)

แสดงเหตุ – as long as because since

owing to then thus

แสดงผล – as a result hence accordingly

for this reason therefore consequently

because of this

I will lend you my textbook as long as you keep it clean.

Tom was sick; consequently, he didn’t come to your birthday party.

 

4.คำที่แสดงการเปรียบเทียบ (Comparison)

as…..as as if as though

likewise similarly equally

correspondingly just as just the same as

in a like manner in the same way in the same manner

As my income increases, my expenditure correspondingly increases.

 

5.คำที่แสดงการสรุป (Conclusion and Summary)

finally after all all in all

in short in brief briefly

in conclusion to conclude on the whole

in summary to summarize to sum up

In short, John is broke.

On the whole, Mr. Bush is a good administrator.

 

6.คำที่แสดงเงื่อนไข (Condition)

if as long as only if

unless suppose on the condition that

when supposing provided that

while supposing that assuming that

When I go to the post office, I always buy new stamps.

I’ll accept his invitation provided that you go with me.

 

7.คำที่แสดงความขัดแย้งและการยอมรับ (Contrast/Opposition and Concession)

however nevertheless although in contrast

still nonetheless though of course

but alternatively while on the other hand

instead conversely whereas on the contrary

rather otherwise yet in spite of that

after all for all that even so in spite of the fact that

by contrast at the same time

You should do the homework; otherwise you’ll be punished.

Anne is careful whereas Kathy makes a lot of mistakes.

 

8.คำที่แสดงตัวอย่าง (Exemplification)

especially for example for instance

including such as  as follows

particularly chiefly mainly

People use personal computers for many things, for example, shopping, visiting the library or working.

First of all the ingredients such as flour, sugar, fat and water, are put into a mixing machine.

 

9.คำที่แสดงการเน้น (Emphasis)

also indeed certainly in fact

really actually particularly in particular

Our friends also enjoy popular music.

In fact, he didn’t come to English class.